Jaguar Panthera onca (Jaguar attack Crocodile)

Jaguar Panthera onca

 

Jaguars are the largest of South America's big cats. They once roamed from the southern tip of that continent north to the region surrounding the U.S.-Mexico border. Today significant numbers of jaguars are found only in remote regions of South and Central America—particularly in the Amazon Basin.
These beautiful and powerful beasts were prominent in ancient Native American cultures. In some traditions the Jaguar God of the Night was the formidable lord of the underworld. The name jaguar is derived from the Native American word yaguar, which means "he who kills with one leap."
Unlike many other cats, jaguars do not avoid water; in fact, they are quite good swimmers. Rivers provide prey in the form of fish, turtles, or caimans—small, alligatorlike animals. Jaguars also eat larger animals such as deer, peccaries, capybaras, and tapirs. They sometimes climb trees to prepare an ambush, killing their prey with one powerful bite.
Most jaguars are tan or orange with distinctive black spots, dubbed "rosettes" because they are shaped like roses. Some jaguars are so dark they appear to be spotless, though their markings can be seen on closer inspection.
Jaguars live alone and define territories of many square miles by marking with their waste or clawing trees.
Females have litters of one to four cubs, which are blind and helpless at birth. The mother stays with them and defends them fiercely from any animal that may approach—even their own father. Young jaguars learn to hunt by living with their mothers for two years or more.
Jaguars are still hunted for their attractive fur. Ranchers also kill them because the cats sometimes prey upon their livestock.

Fast Facts                                                                                Map

Jaguar range

Type: 

  Mammal

Diet: 

  Carnivore

Average life span in the wild: 

  12 to 15 years

Size: 

  Head and body, 5 to 6 ft 

  (1.5 to 1.8 m); tail, 27.5 to 36 in 

  (70 to 91 cm)

Weight: 

  100 to 250 lbs (45 to 113 kg)

Protection status: 

  Near Threatened

Size relative to a 6-ft (2-m) man:

 

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Papa (Samaki)

Papa ni kundi la spishi 500 za samaki wenye kiunzi cha gegedu badala ya mifupa. Gegedu ni dutu ya kunyambulika kama mpira mgumu lakini laini kuliko mifupa kamili. Karibu spishi zote wanaishi katika maji ya chumvi baharini.
Papa wengi ni wavindaji wanaokula samaki na wanyama wengine wa baharini. Spishi kadhaa wanahofiwa kwa sababu kushika wanadamu. Lakini papa wakubwa sana wanakula planktoni kama nyangumi wakubwa.
Papa mkubwa kabisa ni papa nyangumi (rhincodon typus) anayefikia urefu wa mita 14 na uzito wa tani 12 ambaye ni pia samaki mkubwa duniani anakula planktoni. Spishi ndogo ni Etmopterus perryi yenye urefu wa sentimita 17 tu.
Spishi nyingi za papa ziko hatarini ya kupotea kwa sababu wanavindwa mno.
Papa huwa na meno mengi yanayoendelea kukua muda wote wa maisha yake mstari baada ya mstari wa meno yanayoanza kukua nyuma ya meno ya nje na kuchukua nafasi yao mfululizo.
Wana uwezo mkubwa wa kunusu ndani ya maji hasa damu ya kiumbe aliyeumizwa kwenye umbali wa kilomita. Kupitia ngozi wanatambua pia mwendo ndani ya maji na wanaelekea penye chanzo cha mwendo.
Spishi nne wametambuliwa kuwa ni hatari kwa wanadamu. Lakini jumla ya ajali ambako mwanadamu anang'atwa na papa ni takriban 100 kwa mwaka kote duniani; mara nyingi watu wanajeruhiwa na mwaka 2007 kuna ya kifo kimoja kutokana na papa. Wataalamu wanajadiliana kama papa wanashambulia kweli au kama wanjisikia mara nyingi wameshambuliwa na watu wanaowakaribia mno au kama papa anamchanganya mwanadamu na windo la kawaida.
Kinyume chake kuna papa milioni 200 wanaouawa kila mwaka na wanadamu.

Uainishaji wa kisayansi

Himaya:	Animalia (Wanyama)
Faila:	Chordata (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)
Nusufaila:	Vertebrata (Wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo)
Ngeli:	Chondrichthyes (Samaki wenye gegedu)
Nusungeli:	Elasmobranchii (Papa na taa)
Oda ya juu:	Selachimorpha (Papa)

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Nyangumi

Nyangumi ni mamalia wa bahari, au pengine wa maji matamu, katika oda Cetacea wanaofanana na samaki. Kwa hivyo hawatagi mayai kama samaki lakini huzaa watoto kama mamalia wote na huwanyonyesha. Pamoja na nguva wanyama hawa ni mamalia wa pekee wanaoishi kwenye maji tu. Oda yao ina mnamo spishi 80. Spishi ndogo huitwa pomboo kwa kawaida na spishi kadhaa za pomboo huishi kwenye maji matamu ya mito mikubwa kama Ganges au Amazonas.
Mwili wote unalingana na maisha ya majini. Nyangumi wanaotupwa kwenye nchi kavu wanakufa haraka; wanakauka, uzito wa mwili unagandamiza mapavu kwa sababu wanakosa ueleaji wa maji.
Hata hivyo muundo wa mwili bado ni sawa kama mamalia wengine:

• wanapumua kwa kutumia mapafu; kutegemeana na spishi zinaweza kuzama na kukaa chini ya maji kuanzia dakika kadhaa hadi masaa mawili.
• Huwa na moyo yenye vyumba viwili inayoweza kusambaza oksijeni mwilini kote.
• Nyangumi huwa na damu moto yaani wanaweza kutunza halijoto ya wastani mwilini tofauti na samaki wanaobadilika halijoto ya mwili kulingana na halijoto ya mazingira.
• Wanazaa watoto waliokamilika tayari na kuwanyonyesha maziwa yenye mafuta mengi kwa kutumia viwele vyao. Kiinitete hukua mwilini hadi kuwa mnyama kamili jinsi ilivyo na mamalia wengi.

Spishi nyingi za nyangumi ni kubwa sana. Nyangumi buluu (Blue whale) anaweza kufikia uzito wa tani 200 na urefu wa mita 33. Nyangumi wadogo ni hasa familia ya pomboo ambao wadogo wanafikia urefu wa mita na nusu pekee.
Mara nyingi spishi za nyangumi zinatofautishwa kutokana na meno yao:

• wale wanaovinda samaki au wanayama wakubwa wengine wa bahari wana meno ya kawaida.
• wale wanaokula planktoni (viumbe vidogo sana baharini) hawana meno bali mifupa ya kinywani ambao si mifupa ya kweli inaundwa na kitu kinachofanana na kucha za vidole. Mifupa hii inakaa kama meno ya chanuo inafanya kazi ya filta; nyangumi huyi anafungua mdomo na kujaza nafasi maji pamoja na yote yaliyomo kama uduvi wadogo sana; ulimi unasukuma maji kupitia chanua ya mifupa ya kinywani na windo unabaki ndani kama chakula.

Uainishaji wa kisayansi

Himaya:	Animalia (Wanyama)
Faila:	Chordata (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)
Ngeli:	Mamalia (Wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)
Ngeli ya chini:	Eutheria
Oda ya juu:	Laurasiatheria
Oda:	Cetacea (Wanyama kama nyangumi)

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